Introduction:
There are various models are used in social
sciences to explain and investigate of affairs related to society and state.
Theories and models are impartially important for analyzing public policy and
it's reflection in society. There are some of the models bellow-
•
Rational model
•
Incremental model
•
Process model
•
Institutional model
•
Group model
•
Public choice model
•
Elite model
•
Game theory model etc.
Four model from the above are illustrate
bellow in accordance with Bangladesh public policy and it's practices.
Group Theory
Group Theory denotes many different interests compete to control
government policy and that their conflicting interests can balance out each
other to provide good government performance.
Features of group theory:
•
A group of people forms together.
•
No single group can monopolize
power.
•
Policy results from comprise.
•
Groups act as mediator.
•
Press their common interest on
government.
•
Group determined by their strength,
wealth, leadership and access to decision making to won decision making role.
It is a very common theory that is popular with political
scientists. Its advantages are that it is comparatively neutral as to values
and explains process. The theory is also called pluralism because there are
many groups. An interest group may be defined as an organized body of
individuals who share policy goal and try to influence policy.
Example:
8th pay commission went against the group of public universities
teacher associations. As a group finally they could reach at an equilibrium
position with government.
Government took a policy to impose 7 percent tax on private
universities which were strongly protested by the group of students and finally
government negotiate with private universities.
Bangladesh BCS Education Group has stand against the facilities of
newly nationalized colleges which has no importance as like government
colleges. They want respect in their workplace as like other teachers through
collective movement.
In the group theory that denotes a specific
group of people who play vital role in the policy making in the state level.
Like higher class bureaucrats, doctors association, business association and
different professional group they can play the important role in policy making
through their related sector. They are such kind of interest group always
prefer their own interest.
Elite Theory
The theory posits that a small minority, consisting of members of
the economic elite and policy planning networks holds the most power and that
this power is independent of a state's democratic elections process. Elits are
those who contains wealth, skill, intelligence, military and political power as
well as consider the general people as blind to the state policy.
Features of elite theory:
•
The demands of elites are most
preferable.
•
Mass people are influenced through
policies of elite.
•
The demands of general shaped
through elites which are not parallel.
•
Elites become more benefited
through the policies.
•
Sometimes the state policies are
imbalanced with state demands.
•
An smaller portion of people
control over the masses.
Most of the top leaders in all or nearly all key sectors of society
are seen as recruited from this same social group, and elite theorists
emphasize the degree to which interlocking corporate and foundation
directorates, old school ties and frequent social interaction tend to link
together and facilitate coordination between the top leaders in business,
government, civic organizations, educational and cultural establishments and
the mass media.
Example:
Public service commission is assigned for nurturing public
officials which is not a reflection of mass interests though it is a
constitutional body. They have the power to recruit, transfer and promotion of
public servants according to the wish of government only. Such there is no
reflection of citizens opinion rather elite politicians.
Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) is an organized elite force to combat
against terrorism constituted through the 6th Armed Police Battalion act. Some
cases this force are seen to be corrupted and accused of killing by the
interest of elite political or business persons. This is totally goes against
the welfare of rule of law and well being of general people.
Elite theory basically exercise broadly democratic country, in the
context of Bangladesh there are some common class of elite like political,
educational, business, intellectual and religion elite. In the policy making
issue the elite class always create pressure to provide their own opinion. They also concern about their own interest
and ideological issue.
Public
Choice Theory
Public choice theory is
directed toward the study of politics based on economic principles in
a consultation like
this devoted to
national policy issues,
it is always tempting
for an economist or for any
social scientist to launch
into his own favorite
policy proposals. Saying
that public-choice analysis
is largely positive,
or non- normative does not
imply that it
has no social
purpose. Along with all science,
the social purpose
of our efforts is
to improve the social
order.
Features of public choice theory:
•
Individual is the basic unit of
analysis.
•
Every people will take a national
decision.
•
Peoples are take same decision in
national policy.
•
Government handle the market
failure.
•
Government provide public goods.
•
Government protect externalities
effects.
Ultimately,
public-choice theory and
analysis should make it
easier for men
to live together
under mutually acceptable rules for behavior. In this sense,
public-choice analysis is instrumental
just like all
other policy analysis.
The difference lies in the level or stage of instrumentality that is
involved.
Example:
Various government and non-government organizations have provide relief among flood affected people during crisis. Some days ago the people of
Sunamgong Haor area are affected a terrible flood where government have
provided relief goods,medicare,rehabilitation and econ0mic support for
protecting market failure and externalities. Not only in Haor but also each and
every area of flood affected community are protecting through government
initiatives.
Government provide banks, insurance, share market, educational
institutions, hospitals, transport facilities etc as a demand of collective
citizens choice. Anti terrorism stand, individual economic improvement,
employment, infrastructural development, foreign policy and digitization of
the country is a public choice model which government is always trying to
compete.
Public choice theory mainly indicates a vast democratic procedure
where most of the policies are taken regarding the situation and people’s
opinion base. In this context Bangladesh sometime play this option in the
policy making period. Here government
takes public opinion to make policy in the state level.
Game Theory
Game theory psychologists call the theory of social situations
which is an accurate description of what game theory is about. Although game
theory is relevant to parlor games such as poker or bridge most research in
game theory focuses on how groups of people interact.
Features of game theory:
•
An abstract and deductive model of
decision making.
•
An analytic tool than a practical guide.
•
Decision makers are involved in
interdependent choice.
•
A rational decision making where
one choice depends on the outcome of another choice.
•
A collective human activity as the
outcome of interactive decisions.
•
It is situation based approach to
take a decision.
In recent years it has become a more prominent aspect of research
and applications in public policy disciplines such as economics, philosophy,
management and political science, and in work within public policy itself.
Example:
If we look back to the last 10th national
parliament election when rolling party play an easy game to leave out the main
opposition party BNP from this election. There was a poor participation of
citizens and political parties but the rolling party shows it's success on
behalf of constitution. This election was a competitive game for political achievement of power for political parties.
Prime minister Sheikh Hasina has assigned 6
agreements and 16 memorandum while visiting India a few days ago. But there were
some another issues those were not fulfill Bangladeshis demand like Teesta water
agreement. There is a mutual understanding and political benefit for both of
the government not to finalize this issue.
Government will provide Qaumi madrasha status
in same with general education. There is a game of upcoming election and
politics of vote to getting sympathy and support from a majority Muslim
communities.
Constitution is the supreme law of the land. The party in power always make some amendments and provisions those are the tools to control over against opinion. The 15th and 16th amendment are the political game tools for protecting the government legitimate power which is of course not a democratic legitimate power at all.
Bibliography
Books:
i.
Fischer Frank, Miller J Gerald,
"Handbook of public policy analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods"
Websites:
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